Patterns and Methods used in these photos

[espfutbol98]

Hello, I've been trying to figure out how to replacate the techneques used in the following photographs but am somewhat new to graphic design. I have all of the appropriate software (Corel Draw 5, Photoshop & Illustrator CS5 etc.) but am not sure how it's done. I have posted some pictures that represent the methods I would like to aquire proficency in.

(Top to bottom, left to right)
1. How would that pattern be constructed? It constantly changes size so is there any way easier than drawing it with the pen tool?
2. (never mind)

1. How would that be made where the are circles emitting from an orgin?
2. (never mind)

Thanks for the help, I'm really wanting to learn how to do this.