Re: Force Image Caching
You're right, as far as I can find in http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec13.html , there is no way to actually force the client to cache anything. Caching is only ever allowed or prohibited, never required.
It could very well be browser-specific that your browser always reloads all images. Section 14.9.4 of the document I've linked explains some of the mechanisms a client can use to force reloading the cache. However, each browser will have his own set of rules for that.
All together, unless I'm mistaking there is no way to do that using only standard http caching mechanisms. You could however look into different possibilities. For example, a Java applet or Flash element could implement its own cache. Using Javascript and making your page dynamic would also be a possibility. There's no modern browser that's going to refresh the entire page if you add a node to the HTML tree.
Real programmers don't document their code - if it was hard to write, it should be hard to understand.