Thanks for all of your help Anna! You are always the best!
I will keep using the link for sso even though it does not seem to pass the right credentials to phpMyAdmin.
I was able to restore that database, and it caused the original php errors again! Something in it was corrupted by the last joomla patch I applied months ago.
I had no idea what the original password for that database was nor how to set it up in joomla so it could use a new one after I changed it. That was why I wanted phpMyAdmin. So I could get inside the databases and copy and paste tables and records.
I ended up copying only the tables I knew I needed, like content, to a new database. I did a manual FTP to restore all the files. I am now back up and working. I had some symbolic links that broke. I was able to fix those this morning.
I lost a single blog entry, so that is no big deal! Easy enough to retype it.
Thanks again for all of your help.